Pet food compositions including probiotics and methods of manufacture and use thereof

ABSTRACT

The present invention encompasses pet food compositions that include one or more probiotic microorganisms, which are useful to improve the health of companion animals. For example, the invention encompasses pet food compositions including a probiotic, for example, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Streptococcus (Enterococcus). The present invention also encompasses the preparation of pet food compositions including one or more probiotic microorganisms intended for methods of maintaining or improving pet health through feeding a pet a pet food composition including the probiotic microorganism.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a national stage entry under 35 U.S.C. § 371 ofInternational Patent Application No. PCT/US2009/068695, filed 18 Dec.2009, which is incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The well-being of domestic animals is closely related to their feeding.Correct feeding should result in a fit and healthy pet. In addition toproviding nutritional value, food compositions influence the intestinalmicroflora equilibrium and may lead to or prevent gastrointestinaldisorders.

As meat-eaters, cats and dogs are characterized by a short digestivetract and a rapid flow rate of the bolus of food. Among the constituentsof the gastrointestinal microflora of cats and dogs, Bacteroides sp.,Clostridium sp., Enterobacteriaceae, Bifidobacterium sp., Lactobacillussp., Streptococcus sp., Staphylococcus sp. and yeasts can be recovered.The number and composition of this endogenous flora tend to be ratherstable, although age and, to a lesser degree, food, may modify it.Gastric acidity, bile, intestinal peristalsis and local immunity arefactors thought to be important in the regulation of bacterial flora inthe small intestine of human beings and various other mammals. Oftencanine and feline gastrointestinal disorders are linked to irregularbacterial growth and the production of enterotoxins produced bypathogenic bacteria.

Probiotics promote heath benefits for people and animals. However,current extrusion conditions are detrimental for probiotics because theyare sensitive to harsh processing and storage conditions. Therefore,gentler processing conditions can improve probiotics survival-ability.

The invention encompasses cold extrusion technology to improveprobiotic. for example, Lactobacillus acidophilus, stability. It wasfound that making cold pellets preserved L. acidophilus better than hotpellets. Consequently, the inventors have identified compositions andmethods wherein one or more probiotic microorganisms are incorporated inpet food compositions to improve companion animal health.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention encompasses pet food compositions comprising a starchsource and one or more live probiotic microorganisms.

In certain embodiments, the starch source preferably has a degree ofgelatinization less than about 7.5 Joules/g of starch.

In certain embodiments, the starch source is substantiallynon-gelatinized.

The invention encompasses methods of making cold pellets preservedprobiotics, for example. L. acidophilus, better than hot pelletsprocess. For example, the inventors have found that improvement of coldpellets process (e.g., a gentler drying) should improve the probioticretention; the hot pellets show a faster disappearance of probioticsthan the cold pellets.

In certain embodiments, topical coating resulted in the best retention(only 0.5 log cycle loss of activity) than when it was added to thegrain mix. In certain embodiments, topical coating also showed a farbetter stability than addition to the grain mix.

In certain embodiments, process improvement is possible by controllingthe moisture, shear and temperature during the process of cold pellets(e.g., use of a low-shear pelletizer).

In certain embodiments, the live probiotic microorganism included withinthe composition of the invention is one or more of the genera:Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, Clostridium, Fusobacterium, Melissococcus,Propionibacterium, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Lactococcus,Staphylococcus, Peptostrepococcus, Bacillus, Pediococcus, Micrococcus,Leuconostoc, Weissella, Aerococcus, Oenococcus, or Lactobaccillus.

In another embodiment, the invention encompasses a method for making apet food composition comprising one or more probiotics comprising thesteps of:

(1) mixing the following:

-   -   (a) poultry meal and/or soybean meal;    -   (b) one or more probiotics;

(2) adding a starch source and water with mixing;

(3) extruding the mixture at a temperature below about 700° C.; and

(4) drying the material at a temperature of below about 70° C.

In certain embodiments, the starch source preferably has a degree ofgelatinization less than about 7.5 Joules/g of starch. In certainembodiments. the starch source is substantially non-gelatinized.

In another embodiment, the invention encompasses methods for maintainingthe health of a gastrointestinal tract of a companion pet comprisingadministering an effective amount of a pet food composition comprising astarch source and one or more live probiotic microorganisms, wherein thestarch source has a degree of gelatinization less than about 7 Joules/gof starch and wherein the live probiotic microorganism is one or more ofthe genera: Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, Clostridium, Fusobacterium,Melissococcus, Propionibacterium, Streptococcus, Enterococcus,Lactococcus, Staphylococcus, Peptostrepococcus, Bacillus, Pediococcus,Micrococcus, Leuconostoc, Weissella, Aerococcus, Oenococcus, orLactobaccillus.

In another embodiment, the invention encompasses methods for maintainingthe health of skin and/or a coat of a companion pet comprising anadministering an effective amount of a pet food composition comprising astarch source and one or more live probiotic microorganisms, wherein thestarch source has a degree of gelatinization less than about 7 Joules/gof starch and wherein the live probiotic microorganism is one or more ofthe genera: Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, Clostridium, Fusobacterium,Melissococcus, Propionibacterium, Streptococcus, Enterococcus,Lactococcus, Staphylococcus, Peptostrepococcus, Pediococcus,Micrococcus, Leuconostoc, Weissella, Aerococcus, Oenococcus, orLactobaccillus.

In another embodiment, the invention encompasses methods for regulatingan immune system of a companion pet comprising administering aneffective amount of a pet food composition comprising a starch sourceand one or more live probiotic microorganisms, wherein the starch sourcehas a degree of gelatinization less than about 7 Joules/g of starch andwherein the live probiotic microorganism is one or more of the genera:Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, Clostridium, Fusobacterium, Melissococcus,Propionibacterium, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Lactococcus,Staphylococcus, Peptostrepococcus, Bacillus, Pediococcus, Micrococcus,Leuconostoc, Weissella, Aerococcus, Oenococcus, or Lactobaccillus.

In another embodiment, the invention encompasses methods forameliorating or reducing effects of aging in a companion pet comprisingan administering an effective amount of a pet food compositioncomprising a starch source and one or more live probioticmicroorganisms, wherein the starch source has a degree of gelatinizationless than about 7 Joules/g of starch and wherein the live probioticmicroorganism is one or more of the genera: Bifidobacterium,Bacteroides, Clostridium, Fusobacterium, Melissococcus,Propionibacterium, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Lactococcus,Staphylococcus, Peptostrepococcus, Pediococcus, Micrococcus,Leuconostoc, Weissella, Aerococcus, Oenococcus, or Lactobaccillus.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates Lactobacillus acidophilus activity during coldprocesses compared to hot processes of exemplary embodiments of theinvention. Lactobacillus acidophilus activity added to the grain mix wasmonitored during hot and cold extrusion process. It was shown that theLactobacillus acidophilus activity is 2-3 logs less during the steps ofthe cold versus hot processing.

FIG. 2 illustrates cold pellets with L. acidophilus added in the grainmix before extrusion and cold pellets coated with L. acidophilus andmixed with canine kibbles (1:9) at 22° C. and 0.3 a_(w) In certainembodiments, better retention of L. acidophilus was observed when addedin the coating than when added in the grain mix before extrusion. It wasshown that the L. acidophilus activity is 2 logs higher after processingin the coating than when added in the grain mix before extrusion. The L.acidophilus activity after 12 month storage is 1.5 logs higher.

FIG. 3 illustrates cold and hot pellets with L. acidophilus added tograin mix before extrusion and mixed with canine kibbles (1:9) at 22° C.and 0.3 aw. L. acidophilus lost only 2 logs of activity within 5 monthsin cold pellets where as in hot pellets it was completely destroyed in 2months. The cold pellets provide a more stable environment for theprobiotics both in process and storage for exemplary embodiments of theinvention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention generally encompasses pet food compositions comprising astarch source and a live probiotic microorganism, wherein the starchsource has a degree of gelatinization less than about 7.5 Joules/g ofstarch and wherein the live probiotic microorganism is one or more ofthe genera: Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, Clostridium, Fusobacterium,Melissococcus, Propionibacterium, Streptococcus, Enterococcus,Lactococcus, Staphylococcus, Peptostrepococcus, Bacillus, Pediococcus,Micrococcus, Leuconostoc, Weissella, Aerococcus, Oenococcus, orLactobaccillus.

In certain embodiments, the starch source is substantiallynon-gelatinized.

In certain embodiments, the probiotic is included in the pet food in anamount of about 10⁴ cfu/g of pet food to about 10¹⁴ cfu (colony formingunits)/g of pet food.

In certain embodiments, the composition further comprises at least oneprotein source.

In certain embodiments, the composition further comprises at least onesource of fat.

In certain embodiments, the composition further comprises at least onecarbohydrate source.

In certain embodiments, the pet food is a dog food.

In certain embodiments, the pet food is a cat food.

In certain embodiments, the probiotic microorganism is Saccharomycescereviseae, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillussubtilis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium infantis,Bifidobacterium longum, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcusfaecalis,Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillusalimentarius, Lactobacillus casei subsp. casei, Lactobacillus caseiShirota, Lactobacillus curvatus; Lactobacillus delbruckii subsp. lactis.Lactobacillus farciminus, Lactobacillus gasseri, Lactobacillushelveticus, Lactobacillus johnsonii, Lactobacillus reuteri,Lactobacillus rhamnosus (Lactobacillus GG), Lactobacillus sake,Lactobacillus sporogenes, Lactococcus lactis, Micrococcus varians,Pediococcus acidilactici, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Pediococcusacidilactici, Pediococcus halophilus, Streptococcus faecalis,Streptococcus thermophilus, Streptococcus faecium, Staphylococcuscarnosus, Leuconostoc mesenteroides ssp cremoris, Pediococcusacidolactici, Pediococcus cerevisiae, Bifidobacterium bifidus,Bifidobacterium longum, Brevibacterium linens, Propionibacteriumshermanii, Propionibacterium arabinosum, Penicillium roquefortii,Penicillium camembertii, or Staphylococcus xylosus.

In certain embodiments, the pet food comprises a binding agent.

In certain embodiments, the binding agent is sodium alginate, gumarabic, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, guar gum, xanthan gum,maltodextrin, pregelatinized starch and a soy protein binder.

In another embodiment, the invention encompasses methods for maintainingthe health of a gastrointestinal tract of a companion pet comprising anadministering an effective amount of a pet food composition comprising astarch source and a live probiotic microorganism, wherein the starchsource has a degree of gelatinization less than about 7 Joules/g ofstarch and wherein the live probiotic microorganism is one or more ofthe genera: Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, Clostridium, Fusobacterium,Melissococcus, Propionibacterium, Streptococcus, Enterococcus,Lactococcus, Staphylococcus, Peptostrepococcus, Bacillus, Pediococcus,Micrococcus, Leuconostoc, Weissella, Aerococcus, Oenococcus, orLactobaccillus.

In certain embodiments, the starch source is substantiallynon-gelatinized.

In certain embodiments, the probiotic is present in the pet food in anamount of about 10⁴ cfu/g of pet food to about 10¹⁴ cfu/g of pet food.

In certain embodiments, the composition further comprises at least oneprotein source.

In certain embodiments, the composition further comprises at least onesource of fat.

In certain embodiments, the composition further comprises at least onecarbohydrate source.

In certain embodiments, the pet food is a dog food.

In certain embodiments, the pet food is a cat food.

In certain embodiments, the probiotic microorganism is Saccharomycescereviseae, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillussubtilis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium infantis,Bifidobacterium longum, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcusfaecalis.Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillusalimentarius, Lactobacillus casei subsp. casei, Lactobacillus caseiShirota, Lactobacillus curvatus, Lactobacillus delbruckii subsp. lactis,Lactobacillus farciminus, Lactobacillus gasseri, Lactobacillushelveticus, Lactobacillus johnsonii, Lactobacillus reuteri,Lactobacillus rhamnosus (Lactobacillus GG), Lactobacillus sake,Lactobacillus sporogenes, Lactococcus lactis, Micrococcus varians,Pediococcus acidilactici, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Pediococcusacidilactici, Pediococcus halophilus, Streptococcus faecalis,Streptococcus thermophilus, Streptococcus faecium, Staphylococcuscarnosus, Leuconostoc mesenteroides ssp cremoris, Pediococcusacidolactici, Pediococcus cerevisiae, Bifidobacterium bifidus,Bifidobacterium longum, Brevibacterium linens, Propionibacteriumshermanii, Propionibacterium arabinosum, Penicillium roquefortii,Penicillium camembertii, or Staphylococcus xylosus.

In certain embodiments, the pet food comprises a binding agent.

In certain embodiments, the binding agent is sodium alginate.

In another embodiment, the invention encompasses methods for maintainingthe health of skin and/or a coat of a companion pet comprising anadministering an effective amount of a pet food composition comprising astarch source and a live probiotic microorganism, wherein the starchsource has a degree of gelatinization less than about 7.5 Joules/g ofstarch and the live probiotic microorganism is one or more of thegenera: Bifidobacterium. Bacteroides, Clostridium, Fusobacterium,Melissococcus, Propionibacterium, Streptococcus, Enterococcus,Lactococcus, Staphylococcus, Peptostrepococcus, Pediococcus,Micrococcus, Leuconostoc, Weissella, Aerococcus, Oenococcus, orLactobaccillus.

In certain embodiments, the starch source is substantiallynon-gelatinized.

In certain embodiments, the probiotic is present in the pet food in anamount of about 10⁴ cfu/g of pet food to about 10¹⁴ cfu/g of pet food.

In certain embodiments, the composition further comprises at least oneprotein source.

In certain embodiments, the composition further comprises at least onesource of fat.

In certain embodiments, the composition further comprises at least onecarbohydrate source.

In certain embodiments, the pet food is a dog food.

In certain embodiments, the pet food is a cat food.

in certain embodiments, the probiotic microorganism is Saccharomycescereviseae, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillussubtilis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium infantis,Bifidobacterium longum, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcusfaecalis,Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillusalimentarius, Lactobacillus casei subsp. casei, Lactobacillus caseiShirota, Lactobacillus curvatus, Lactobacillus delbruckii subsp. lactis,Lactobacillus farciminus, Lactobacillus gasseri, Lactobacillushelveticus, Lactobacillus johnsonii, Lactobacillus reuteri,Lactobacillus rhamnosus (Lactobacillus GG), Lactobacillus sake,Lactobacillus sporogenes, Lactococcus lactis, Micrococcus varians,Pediococcus acidilactici, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Pediococcusacidilactici, Pediococcus halophilus, Streptococcus faecalis,Streptococcus thermophilus, Streptococcus faecium, Staphylococcuscarnosus, Leuconostoc mesenteroides ssp cremoris, Pediococcusacidolactici, Pediococcus cerevisiae, Bifidobacterium bifidus,Bifidobacterium longum, Brevibacterium linens, Propionibacteriumshermanii, Propionibacterium arabinosum, Penicillium roquefortii,Penicillium camembertii, or Staphylococcus xylosus.

In certain embodiments, the pet food comprises a binding agent.

In certain embodiments, the binding agent is sodium alginate.

In another embodiment, the invention encompasses methods for regulatingan immune system of a companion pet comprising an administering aneffective amount of a pet food composition comprising a starch sourceand a live probiotic microorganism, wherein the starch source has adegree of gelatinization less than about 7.5 Joules/g of starch andwherein the live probiotic microorganism is one or more of the genera:Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, Clostridium, Fusobacterium, Melissococcus,Propionibacterium, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Lactococcus,Staphylococcus, Peptostrepococcus, Pediococcus, Micrococcus,Leuconostoc, Weissella, Aerococcus, Oenococcus, or Lactobaccillus.

In certain embodiments, the starch source is substantiallynon-gelatinized.

In certain embodiments, the probiotic is present in the pet food in anamount of about 10⁴ cfu/g of pet food to about 10¹⁴ cfu/g of pet food.

In certain embodiments, the composition further comprises at least oneprotein source.

In certain embodiments, the composition further comprises at least onesource of fat.

In certain embodiments, the composition further comprises at least onecarbohydrate source.

In certain embodiments, the pet food is a dog food.

In certain embodiments, the pet food is a cat food.

In certain embodiments, the probiotic microorganism is Saccharomycescereviseae, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillussubtilis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium infantis,Bifidobacterium longum, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcusfaecalis,Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillusalimentarius, Lactobacillus casei subsp. casei, Lactobacillus caseiShirota, Lactobacillus curvatus, Lactobacillus delbruckii subsp. lactis,Lactobacillus farciminus, Lactobacillus gasseri, Lactobacillushelveticus, Lactobacillus johnsonii, Lactobacillus reuteri,Lactobacillus rhamnosus (Lactobacillus GG), Lactobacillus sake,Lactobacillus sporogenes, Lactococcus lactis, Micrococcus varians,Pediococcus acidilactici, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Pediococcusacidilactici, Pediococcus halophilus, Streptococcus faecalis,Streptococcus thermophilus, Streptococcus faecium, Staphylococcuscarnosus, Leuconostoc mesenteroides ssp cremoris, Pediococcusacidolactici, Pediococcus cerevisiae, Bifidobacterium bifidus,Bifidobacterium longum, Brevibacterium linens, Propionibacteriumshermanii, Propionibacterium arabinosum, Penicillium roquefortii,Penicillium camembertii, or Staphylococcus xylosus.

In certain embodiments, the pet food comprises a binding agent.

In certain embodiments, the binding agent is sodium alginate.

In another embodiment, the invention encompasses methods forameliorating or reducing effects of aging in a companion pet comprisingan administering an effective amount of a pet food compositioncomprising a starch source and a live probiotic microorganism, whereinthe starch source has a degree of gelatinization less than about 7.5Joules/g of starch and wherein the live probiotic microorganism is oneor more of the genera: Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, Clostridium,Fusobacterium, Melissococcus, Propionibacterium, Streptococcus,Enterococcus, Lactococcus, Staphylococcus, Peptostrepococcus, Bacillus,Pediococcus, Micrococcus, Leuconostoc, Weissella, Aerococcus,Oenococcus, or Lactobaccillus.

In certain embodiments, the starch source is substantiallynon-gelatinized.

In certain embodiments, the probiotic is in an amount of about 10⁴ cfu/gof pet food to about 10¹⁴ cfu/g of pet food.

In certain embodiments, the composition further comprises at least oneprotein source.

In certain embodiments, the composition further comprises at least onesource of fat.

In certain embodiments, the composition further comprises at least onecarbohydrate source.

In certain embodiments, the pet food is a dog food.

In certain embodiments, the pet food is a cat food.

In certain embodiments, the probiotic microorganism is Saccharomycescereviseae, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillussubtilis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium infantis,Bifidobacterium longum, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcusfaecalis,Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillusalimentarius, Lactobacillus casei subsp. casei, Lactobacillus caseiShirota, Lactobacillus curvatus, Lactobacillus delbruckii subsp. lactis,Lactobacillus farciminus, Lactobacillus gasseri, Lactobacillushelveticus, Lactobacillus johnsonii, Lactobacillus reuteri,Lactobacillus rhamnosus (Lactobacillus GG), Lactobacillus sake,Lactobacillus sporogenes, Lactococcus lactis, Micrococcus varians,Pediococcus acidilactici, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Pediococcusacidilactici, Pediococcus halophilus, Streptococcus faecalis,Streptococcus thermophilus, Streptococcus faecium, Staphylococcuscarnosus, Leuconostoc mesenteroides ssp cremoris, Pediococcusacidolactici, Pediococcus cerevisiae, Bifidobacterium bifidus,Bifidobacterium longum, Brevibacterium linens, Propionibacteriumshermanii, Propionibacterium arabinosum, Penicillium roquefortii,Penicillium camembertii, or Staphylococcus xylosus.

In certain embodiments, the pet food comprises a binding agent.

In certain embodiments, the binding agent is sodium alginate.

Compositions of the Invention

The invention generally encompasses pet food compositions comprising astarch source and a live probiotic microorganism, wherein the starchsource has a deuce of gelatinization less than about 7.5 Joules/g ofstarch and wherein the live probiotic microorganism is one or more ofthe genera: Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, Clostridium, Fusobacterium,Melissococcus, Propionibacterium, Streptococcus, Enterococcus,Lactococcus, Staphylococcus, Peptostrepococcus, Pediococcus,Micrococcus, Leuconostoc, Weissella, Aerococcus, Oenococcus, orLactobaccillus.

In certain embodiments, the starch source is substantiallynon-gelatinized.

In certain embodiments, the probiotic is present in the pet food in anamount of about 10⁴ cfu/g of pet food to about 10¹⁴ cfu/g of pet food.

In certain embodiments, the composition further comprises at least oneprotein source.

In certain embodiments, the composition further comprises at least onesource of fat.

In certain embodiments, the composition further comprises at least onecarbohydrate source.

In certain embodiments, the pet food is a dog food.

In certain embodiments, the pet food is a cat food.

In certain embodiments, the probiotic microorganism is Saccharomycescereviseae, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillussubtilis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium infantis,Bifidobacterium longum, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcusfaecalis,Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillusalimentarius, Lactobacillus casei subsp. casei, Lactobacillus caseiShirota, Lactobacillus curvatus, Lactobacillus delbruckii subsp. lactis,Lactobacillus farciminus, Lactobacillus gasseri, Lactobacillushelveticus, Lactobacillus johnsonii, Lactobacillus reuteri,Lactobacillus rhamnosus (Lactobacillus GG), Lactobacillus sake,Lactobacillus sporogenes, Lactococcus lactis, Micrococcus varians,Pediococcus acidilactici, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Pediococcusacidilactici, Pediococcus halophilus, Streptococcus faecalis,Streptococcus thermophilus, Streptococcus faecium, Staphylococcuscarnosus, Leuconostoc mesenteroides ssp cremoris, Pediococcusacidolactici, Pediococcus cerevisiae, Bifidobacterium bifidus,Bifidobacterium longum, Brevibacterium linens, Propionibacteriumshermanii, Propionibacterium arabinosum, Penicillium roquefortii,Penicillium camembertii, or Staphylococcus xylosus.

In certain embodiments, the pet food comprises a binding agent.

In certain embodiments, the binding agent is sodium alginate.

In certain embodiments, the pet food composition is in the form of akibble.

In certain embodiments, the pet food composition is in the form of a petsnack.

In another embodiment, the invention encompasses a dried, ready-to-eatpet food composition comprising:

-   -   (i) a starch source, wherein the starch source has a degree of        gelatinization less than about 7.5 Joules/g of starch:    -   (ii) a coating or filling including one or more probiotic        microorganisms.

In certain embodiments, the starch source is substantiallynon-gelatinized.

In certain embodiments, the starch source is a cooked starch which iscooked at a low temperature (i.e., <60° C.).

In certain embodiments, the coating comprises a carrier substrate whichcontains one or more probiotic microorganisms.

In certain embodiments, the carrier substrate is at least one carrierchosen from the group consisting of a fat, a protein digest, milksolids, a sugar and a particulate flavoring agent.

In certain embodiments, the pet food composition further includes asource of soluble fiber.

In certain embodiments, the pet food composition comprises a bindingagent.

In certain embodiments, the binding agent is sodium alginate.

In another embodiment the invention encompasses a dried, ready-to-eatpet food composition comprising:

-   -   (i) a starch source which includes a protein source, wherein the        starch source has a degree of gelatinization less than about 7.5        Joules/g of starch:    -   (ii) a coating or a filling containing one or more probiotic        microorganisms.

In certain embodiments, the starch source is substantiallynon-gelatinized.

In certain embodiments, the coating or filling comprises a carriersubstrate which contains the one or more probiotic microorganisms.

In certain embodiments, the carrier substrate is a fat, or a proteindigest, or a mixture thereof.

In certain embodiments, the pet food composition further includes asource of soluble fiber.

In certain embodiments, the pet food composition comprises a bindingagent.

In certain embodiments, the binding agent is sodium aliginate.

In another embodiment, the invention encompasses a dried, ready-to-eatpet food in the form of kibbles, each kibble comprising:

-   -   (i) a starch source, wherein the starch source has a degree of        gelatinization less than about 7.5 Joules/g of starch;    -   (ii) a coating or filling including one or more probiotic        microorganisms.

In certain embodiments, the starch source is substantiallynon-gelatinized.

In certain embodiments, the starch source is a starch which is cooked ata low temperature (i.e., <60° C.).

In certain embodiments, the coating comprises a carrier substrate whichcontains one or more probiotic microorganisms.

In certain embodiments, the carrier substrate is at least one carrierchosen from the group consisting of a fat, a protein digest, milksolids, a sugar and a particulate flavoring agent.

In certain embodiments, the pet kibble further includes a source ofsoluble fiber.

In certain embodiments, the pet kibble comprises a binding agent.

In certain embodiments, the binding agent is sodium alginate.

In another embodiment the invention encompasses added, ready-to-eat petfood in the form of kibbles, each kibble comprising:

-   -   (i) a starch source which includes a protein source, wherein the        starch source has a degree of gelatinization less than about 7.5        Joules/g of starch;    -   (ii) a coating or a filling containing one or more probiotic        microorganisms.

In certain embodiments, the starch source is substantiallynon-gelantinized.

In certain embodiments, the coating or filling comprises a carriersubstrate which contains the probiotic microorganism.

In certain embodiments, the carrier substrate is a fat, a proteindigest, or a starch source, or a mixture thereof.

In certain embodiments, the pet kibble further includes a source ofsoluble fiber.

In certain embodiments, the pet kibble comprises a binding agent.

In certain embodiments, the binding agent is sodium alginate.

The pet food composition fed to the companion pet, for example canineand feline, is the standard normal diet fed to an animal. Table 1 is anillustrative diet of the invention for a canine or feline of 1 to 6years of age.

TABLE 1 Amount (wt. % Component of dry matter) Protein 0-95% Fat 0-50%carbohydrate 0-75% Probiotic (e.g., 1 × 10¹⁴ cfu/g of food Lactobacillusalimentarius)

The quantities administered in the diet, all as wt % (dry matter basis)of the diet, are calculated as the active material, per se, that ismeasured as free material. The maximum amounts employed should not bringabout toxicity.

In another embodiment, the invention encompasses a slow,sustained-release probiotic pet food composition. By using thecomposition of the invention in companion pets, it can be shown that anamount of probiotics can be delivered in a slow manner and can bemaintained in the system for a longer period.

In certain embodiments, the food composition including probioticsinclude dry food pieces in the form of pellets, shaped protein pieces(e.g., extruded vegetable/animal proteins), semi-moist pieces.

In another embodiment, pellets or pieces are made to resemble cheese ormeat chunks. In other embodiments, the pet food pellets can be made fromfibers such as cellulose, pellets of soy or corn meal, gelatin and/oranimal by products, sugars and mixtures thereof.

In other embodiments, pellets can be made of rolled grains like oats orcorn or made to resemble tortilla chip-like products. In otherembodiments, pellets can include minerals, vitamins, and a fillingagent, for example, protein, carbohydrate or fiber. In otherembodiments, pellets can contain starch modified through enzymatichydrolysis. In other embodiments, semi-moist pellets and pieces made ofthe above ingredients and mixtures thereof can be used as well.

In other embodiments, pellets with a starch source, texturized proteins,or semi-moist pieces can be produced using typical ingredients used tomanufacture pet food such as grain sources (e.g., corn, rice, wheat,barley), protein sources (e.g., meat sources—poultry, beef, pork)vegetable sources (e.g., soy, corn gluten, casein, whey, eggs); fats(e.g., vegetable oils, animal fats, fish oils), plant fibers (beet pulp,soy hulls, cellulose) optionally vitamins (e.g., Vitamin E, C, B1, B2,B6); and minerals (e.g., calcium sources, phosphorus sources, salts,trace minerals) and various flavorants or palatants, processing aids,and preservatives to make a pet food that meets a pet's nutritionalrequirements and possesses the necessary aesthetic characteristics.

The pellets exhibit about 0.1 to about 0.8 a_(w) and about 0.1 to about15% moisture content.

The amount of probiotics included in the pet food composition is about1×10⁴ cfu (colony forming units)/g of food to about 1×10¹⁴ cfu/g offood.

In certain embodiments, the probiotic pieces can be blended with otherdry food for probiotic enrichment at an inclusion rate of 1-50%.

In certain embodiments, in addition to the probiotic, the pet foodcomposition includes 0 to about 100 wt. % protein, 0 to about 100 wt. %fat, and 0 to about 100 wt. % carbohydrate.

In other embodiments, the pellets, texturized protein, or semi-moistpieces may be made in such a way that it would exhibit a density of10-40 lbs/ft³ and can be coated with fat, grease, or oil with palatantenhancers and other topical coating materials.

The present invention comprises a dry pet food containing less thanabout 15% moisture having a porous texture and appearance with fibrousfood simulating pieces having a tough, pliable texture interspersedtherein.

The pet food composition can also be in the form of snack products forcompanion animals. Snack products can include all manner of essentiallytwo-dimensional shapes such as strips or ribbons (whether straight orcurved), bowl or cup shaped (such as for use for dips or salsa)triangles, disks, squares or rectangles.

In another embodiment, the dried, ready-to-eat pet food pellet can beproduced from any suitable ingredients such as those commonly used indried, ready-to-eat pet food products. One of these ingredients is astarch source. Suitable starch sources are, for example, grain flourssuch as corn, rice, wheat, beets, barley, soy and oats. In addition,mixtures of these flours may be used. Rice flour, corn flour and wheatflour are particularly suitable either alone or in combination. Thestarch source will be chosen largely based on the nutritional value,palatability considerations, and the type of cereal product desired.

In certain embodiments, pet composition products can also include aprotein source. Suitable protein sources may be selected from anysuitable animal or vegetable protein source, for example meat meal, bonemeal, fishmeal, soy protein concentrates, milk proteins, gluten, and thelike. The choice of the protein source will be largely determined by thenutritional needs, palatability considerations, and the type of cerealproduct produced. The starch source may also be a source of protein.

Methods of Making the Compositions of the Invention

In another embodiment, the invention encompasses a process of preparinga dried, ready-to-eat pet food, the process comprising making the petfood without heat (e.g., <60° C.) including a starch source and aprotein source to form a starch matrix containing protein; forming thestarch matrix into pieces; drying the pieces; and coating the pieceswith a coating which contains one or more probiotic microorganisms.

In certain embodiments, the starch source and protein source are cookedwithout heat (<60° C.); extruded through an orifice; and then cut intopieces.

The probiotics can be added, for example, by one of the followingmethods:

-   -   (i) coating by applying onto the surface of the pet food a        mixture of the probiotic microorganism including, for example,        one of the lipid components of a coating system;    -   (ii) co-pelletizing the probiotic microorganism within the pet        food (conducted at low temperature); or    -   (iii) dusting conducted by adding the probiotic microorganism        onto the coating of the pet food.

In another embodiment, the invention encompasses a process of preparinga dried, ready-to-eat pet food, the process comprising cooking a starchsource without heat (<60° C.), a protein source, and one or moreprobiotic microorganisms to form a starch matrix containing protein andone or more probiotic microorganisms; forming the starch matrix intopieces; and drying the pieces.

In certain embodiments, the starch source and protein source are cookedwithout heat (<60° C.); extruded through an orifice; and then cut intopieces.

In another embodiment, the invention encompasses a dried, ready-to-catpet food composition comprising:

(i) a starch source comprising inulin and/or fructo-oligosaccharides;

(ii) a coating or filling comprising one or more probioticmicroorganisms.

In another embodiment, the invention encompasses methods of promotinggrowth, preventing cell damage, and/or helping the body rid itself ofharmful substances in a companion animal comprising administering to acompanion animal a pet food composition including a slow,sustained-release amount of the one or more probiotic microorganisms toa companion animal.

Methods of Treating Disorders in Companion Animals

In another embodiment, the invention encompasses methods of maintainingor improving the health of the gastrointestinal tract, the skin and/orcoat system or the immune system of a pet comprising the step of feedinga pet a pet food composition comprising a starch source and a liveprobiotic microorganism, wherein the starch source has a degree ofgelatinization less than about 7.5 Joules/g of starch and wherein thelive probiotic microorganism is one or more of the genera:Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, Clostridium, Fusobacterium, Melissococcus,Propionibacterium, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Lactococcus,Staphylococcus, Peptostrepococcus, Pediococcus, Micrococcus,Leuconostoc, Weissella, Aerococcus, Oenococcus, or Lactobaccillus. Incertain embodiments, the starch source is substantially non-gelatinized.

In another embodiment, the invention encompasses methods for thetreatment and/or prophylaxis of disorders associated with thecolonization of the gastrointestinal tract of pets by pathogenicmicro-organisms, comprising the step of feeding a pet a pet foodcomposition comprising a starch source and alive probioticmicroorganism, wherein the starch source has a degree of gelatinizationless than about 7.5 Joules/g of starch and wherein the live probioticmicroorganism is one or more of the genera: Bifidobacterium,Bacteroides, Clostridium, Fusobacterium, Melissococcus,Propionibacterium, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Lactococcus,Staphylococcus, Peptostrepococcus, Pediococcus, Micrococcus,Leuconostoc, Weissella, Aerococcus, Oenococcus, or Lactobacillus. Incertain embodiments, the starch source is substantially non-gelatinized.

In another embodiment, the invention encompasses methods of regulatingthe immune response in pets, comprising the step of feeding a pet a petfood composition comprising a starch source and alive probioticmicroorganism, wherein the starch source has a degree of gelatinizationless than about 7.5 Joules/g of starch and wherein the live probioticmicroorganism is one or more of the genera: Bifidobacterium,Bacteroides, Clostridium, Fusobacterium, Melissococcus,Propionibacterium, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Lactococcus,Staphylococcus, Peptostrepococcus, Pediococcus, Micrococcus,Leuconostoc, Weissella, Aerococcus, Oenococcus, or Lactobaccillus. Incertain embodiments, the starch source is substantially non-gelatinized.

The invention also encompasses methods of ameliorating or reducing theeffects of ageing in a pet comprising the step of feeding a pet a petfood composition comprising a starch source and a live probioticmicroorganism, wherein the starch source has a degree of gelatinizationless than about 7.5 Joules/g of starch and wherein the live probioticmicroorganism is one or more of the genera: Bifidobacterium,Bacteroides, Clostridium, Fusobacterium, Melissococcus,Propionibacterium, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Lactococcus,Staphylococcus, Peptostrepococcus, Bacillus, Pediococcus, Micrococcus,Leuconostoc, Weissella, Aerococcus, Oenococcus, or Lactobaccillus. Incertain embodiments, the starch source is substantially non-gelatinized.

In order to illustrate without unduly limiting the novel aspects of thepresent invention, the following examples are presented.

EXAMPLES Example 1

This example describes the use of un-cooked pellets as carriers forprobiotics. Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM Danisco was the probioticused in this study. The study was conducted as follows: 1) Studysurvival of Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM added in the grain mix duringproduction of pellets using cold pellet technology and regular extrusionconditions; 2) Produce pellets using cold pellet technology to coat themwith Lactobacillus acidophilus; and 3) Study survival-ability ofLactobacillus acidophilus at 22° C. and

Materials and Methods

Product Formulation:

Canine kibbles were used as a model for this study. Pellets weredesigned similar in composition and specifications to the kibbles.Pellets with probiotics added in the grain mix before extrusion and coldpellets with probiotics coated after extrusion were produced.

Materials:

Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM (1×10¹¹ cfu/g) Danisco (Madison Wis.,53716), Scogin HV Sodium Alginate FMC ByoPolymers (Philadelphia, Pa.19103), Desiccators, and MgCl₂ (0.30 a_(w)).

Pellets with Lactobacillus acidophilus Added in Grain Mix:

Process:

a) Pellets made with probiotics with cold pellet and hot pelletsextrusion process with conditions as in Example 2; b) Measured degree ofgelatinization, moisture content, aw, density and durability of theabove pellets. The degree of gelatinization of the test vs. control(grain mix feed mixture) must not be statistically significantlydifferent.

Stability:

a) Compared probiotics survival-ability in pellets produced using thecold and hot extrusion process with processing conditions as in Example2; conducted lactic acid bacteria counts of materials being processedboth in the cold and hot process; and b) Coated pellets (cold and hot)as in current commercially available formula.

TABLE 2 Pellets with Lactobacillus acidophilus added in the Grain MixCoated as canine kibbles finished product Name % Lbs Cold Pellets 84.74033.896 Animal Fat 9.600 3.840 Natural Flavor 2.500 1.000 Fish oil 1.4000.560 Soybean Oil 1.000 0.400 Flavor Enhancer 0.600 0.240 Vit E 0.1600.064 Total 100.000 40.000

Coated as Follows:

Mixed all of the liquids, sprayed the mixture on the pellets, mixed for5-10 minutes, and dispensed pellets into a multiwall bag. Made a blendof canine kibbles and pellets at 9:1 ratio. Placed 100 g samples* inplastic containers before setting them in desiccators equilibrated at˜0.30 a_(w) (MgCl₂ saturated solution). Weighed 90 grams kibbles and 10grams pellets with probiotics separately and placed them in thecontainer. Desiccators were placed in a 22±30° C. chamber, and lacticacid bacteria counts were conducted every two weeks up to 3 months, andevery month after that. Labeled the containers as CP (Cold pellets withProbiotics) and HP (Hot pellets with Probiotics).

Cold Pellets with Lactobacillus Acidophilus Topically Coated Togetherwith Soybean and Fish Oil

Process:

a) Made pellets without probiotics in the grain mix using cold pelletextrusion process with conditions as in Example 2; and b) Measureddegree of gelatinization, moisture content, aw, density and durabilityof the above kibbles.

Stability:

a) Coated cold pellets as in current commercially available formula

TABLE 3 Pellets with Lactobacillus acidophilus added with Soybean andFish Oil Coated as canine kibbles finished product Name % Lbs ColdPellets 84.640 33.856 Animal Fat 9.600 3.840 Natural Flavor 2.500 1.000Fish Oil 1.400 0.560 Soybean Oil 1.000 0.400 Flavor Enhancer 0.600 0.240Vit E 0.160 0.064 L. acidophilus NCFM 0.100 0.040 Total 100.000 40.000

Coated as Follows:

Mixed Animal Fat Natural Flavor+Flavor Enhancer+Vit E, coated pelletswith the mixture above for 5-10 minutes at RT, mixed Lactobacillusacidophilus NCFM with the soybean oil and fish oil and coated thepellets with the mixture, sprayed mixture at 22 psi, mixed for 5-10minutes and dispensed pellets into a multiwall bag. Made a blend ofkibbles and pellets at 9:1 ratio. Placed 100 g samples (weighed 90 gramskibbles and 10 grams pellets coated with probiotics separately) inplastic containers before setting them in desiccators equilibrated at˜0.30 a_(w) (MgCl₂ saturated solution). Desiccators were placed in a22±3° C. chamber, and lactic acid bacteria counts were conducted everytwo weeks for 22° C. up to 3 months, and every month after that. Labeledcontainers as CCP (Cold pellets coated with Probiotics)

The Following Measurements were Made:

Starch Gelatinization—DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) analysiswas conducted to determine starch gelatinization. Samples were soakedwith a 2:1 water pet food ratio for approximately 2 hrs at roomtemperature and then scanned from 10° C. to 100° C. with a 10° C./minscanning rate in a Perkin Elmer DSC.

Moisture content

Water activity (aw)

Density

PDI (Pellet Durability Index)

Probiotics Count Method

Procedure for Probiotics Count Method: 1) Aseptically weigh 25 g ofkibbles-pellets mixture into a sterile stomacher bag; 2) Aseptically add225 g of sterile, room temperature. Difco MRS broth to the 25 g ofkibbles-pellets mixture; 3) Turn stomacher on and allow thekibbles-pellets and broth blend for two minutes: 4) Hold the sample atroom temperature for 30 minutes to rehydrate the kibbles-pellets; 5)Return the sample to the stomacher and blend for an additional twominutes; 6) Make a serial dilution in 99 ml 0.1% peptone dilution blanksby adding 1 ml of the primary 10^1 dilution (from the stomacher bag) toobtain 10^3 dilution. Repeat this operation until the desired dilutionseries is obtained. Shake dilution bottles as directed in StandardMethods for the Examination of Dairy Products, 16^(th) Edition. 1992,Chapter 6 (Microbiological Count Methods), pages 213-246; 7) Proceedingin triplicate, transfer 1 mL of each appropriate dilution to labeled,sterile Petri plates with sterile 1 mL pipettes: 8) Take a bottle ofsterile Difco MRS agar that has been melted (100 C for 30 minutes) andtempered to 45 C in a 45 C water bath and sterilize the bottle bydipping it into a 200 PPM chlorine solution (made fresh daily), or byflaming the lip of the bottle; 9) Under a laminar hood, aseptically add1 mL of sterile 5% cysteine-HCl solution to each 100 mL of the Difco MRSagar to achieve a final cysteine-HCl concentration of 0.05% in the MRSagar; 10) Pour approximately 15 mL of the MRS/0.05% cysteine-HCl agarinto each plate. Swirl the plates to mix, and let solidify at roomtemperature on a cool level surface; 11) Incubate the plates at 38 Cunder anaerobic conditions (BD GasPak EZ Container Systems withindicator in an anaerobic jar) for 72 hours; and 12) Count colonies onthe MRS/0.05% cysteine-HCl agar plates and record as viable cell countper gram, taking into account the dilution factor of the plates counted.

Results

Finished products (cold and hot pellets) were analyzed for moisture,water activity density and durability (Table 4).

TABLE 4 Cold and Hot Pellets Analysis Analyte Cold Pellets Cold PelletsHot Pellets No Probiotic in Grain Mix Probiotic in Grain Mix FinishedProduct Finished Product Finished Product Average ± Std. dev Average ±Std. dev Average ± Std. dev Moisture (%) 7.88 ± 0.1  7.58 ± 0.08  7.51 ±0.15 aw  0.33 ± 0.04  0.37 ± 0.00  0.38 ± 0.01 Density 33.20 ± 0.2833.20 ± 0.14 33.20 ± 0.14 (Lbs/ft³) Durability (% 97.80 ± 0.07 97.80 ±0.10 97.80 ± 0.10 Not broken)

Starch Gelatinization was determined for Cold Pellets as ˜7.53±2.4Joules/g of starch by DSC. It has been reported that corn starchgelatinization ranges from 7.5-11.6 Joules/g of starch (Ji et al. 2004).Table 5 shows that results are not statistically significant different(ttest) for grain mix versus cold pellets with or without probiotics inthe grain mix. Thus, the starch in the grain mix was intact through theextrusion process using cold conditions. However, current extrusionconditions (hot process) did not show any DSC gelatinization enthalpybecause the starch was gelatinized during extrusion.

TABLE 5 Cold and Hot Pellets Starch Gelatinization Results Corn StarchGelatinization (Joules/g of starch) Sample Grain Mix Finished Productttest Cold Pellets w/o Probiotics 7.0 ± 2.3 7.5 ± 2.4 0.5792 in grainmix Cold Pellets with Probiotics 6.8 ± 2.0 7.4 ± 2.4 0.5036 in grain mixHot Pellets with Probiotics 6.8 ± 2.0 Gelatinized — in grain mix

Based on the above results cold pellets with and without probiotics inthe grain mix were produced without gelatinized starch. Thus,survival-ability of Lactobacillus acidophilus in these pellets wasassessed.

Lactobacillus acidophilus activity added to the grain mix was monitoredduring hot and cold extrusion process. It was shown that theLactobacillus acidophilus activity is 2-3 logs less during the steps ofthe cold versus hot processing (FIG. 1).

Better retention of Lactobacillus acidophilus was observed when added inthe coating than when added in the grain mix before extrusion. It wasshown that the Lactobacillus acidophilus activity is 2 logs higher afterprocessing in the coating than when added in the grain mix beforeextrusion. The Lactobacillus acidophilus activity after 12 month storageis 1.5 logs higher (FIG. 2).

The Lactobacillus acidophilus activity was almost 2 logs less within 5months in cold pellets where as in hot pellets, the Lactobacillusacidophilus activity was completely destroyed in 2 months (FIG. 3).

Example 2

Cold Pellets with Probiotics Process

Ingredients:

1) Grain Mix (Pass at least 50 Lbs of soybean meal thru screen number 4( 4/64″) opening, pass all the rest of the ingredients thru screennumber 4 ( 4/64″) opening and keep 2-3 Lbs of grain mix); 2) MixProbiotics with Soybean Meal (Use 40 Lbs of soybean meal passed thruscreen number 4 ( 4/64″) opening, mix the probiotics (4.232 Lbs) withthe 40 Lbs of soybean meal (passed thru screen number 4) in a cementmixer for 5 minutes by adding 20 Lbs of the soybean meal to the cementmixer, adding the probiotics (4.232 Lbs), adding 20 Lbs of the soybeanmeal to the cement mixer, mixing for 5-10 minutes and dividing themixture in 2 parts (22.116 Lbs); 3) Mix the mixture of the soybean mealand probiotics with the grain mix (Divide 4200.8 Lbs of grain mix in 2parts of 2100.4 Lbs, mix Grain with Probiotics in a 2000 Lbs WengerRibbon blender (Wenger, Sabetha, Kans.) by adding half of the grain mix(1050.2 Lbs) to the ribbon blender, adding the soybean meal andprobiotics mixture (22.116 Lbs), adding the other half of the grain mix(1050.2 Lbs), mixing for 15 minutes and after mixing. convey the blend(grain mix and probiotics) from the mixer through the 50 hp hammer millauger system into 4 totes, remove the hammer mill screen and do not runthe mill and repeat this 1 more time), 4) Gel binder preparation−2.5%FMC sodium alginate prepared as follows: Weigh 37.5 Lbs of sodiumalginate to prepare 2.5% solution for 4200.8 Lbs of grain, based on 300Lbs batch prepare 5 batches of a 2.5% sodium alginate solution, weighwater (292.5 lbs) into the kettle in the tri-blender system, not heated,as water is pumped thru the Waukasha pump, at maximum speed, the sodiumalginate (7.5 lbs) is added to the tri-blender and mixes with the watercompletely, hen the water and dry ingredient are mixed completely, themixture is pumped in to a barrel and mix with the homogenizer mixer forapprox 10 minutes or until gel is achieved. The solution will be addedinto the pre-conditioner and a sample of the solution is kept.

Extrusion:

Product temperature should not exceed 60-70° C. (140° F.) for ColdPellets and for Hot pellets use regular extrusion conditions.

Drying:

Product temperature should be kept below 70° C. (158° F.) for ColdPellets and for Hot pellets use regular drying conditions.

Finished Product Specifications:

Moisture 7-8% (a_(w)=0.3); Density 25-35 Lbs/ft³

Example 3

Cold Pellets without Probiotics Process:

1) Grain Mix (Pass all of the ingredients thru screen number 4 ( 4/64″)opening and keep 2-3 Lbs of grain mix); 2) Gel binder preparation−2.5%FMC sodium agitate prepared as follows: Weigh 37.5 Lbs of sodiumalginate to prepare 2.5% solution for 4200.8 Lbs of grain, based on 300Lbs batch prepare 5 batches of a 2.5% sodium alginate solution, weighwater (292.5 lbs) into the kettle in the tri-blender system, not heated,as water is pumped thru the Waukasha pump, at maximum speed, the sodiumalginate (7.5 lbs) is added to the hi-blender and mixes with the watercompletely, hen the water and dry ingredient are mixed completely, themixture is pumped in to a barrel and mix with the homogenizer mixer forapprox 10 minutes or until gel is achieved. The solution will be addedinto the pre-conditioner and a sample of the solution is kept.

Extrusion:

Product temperature should not exceed 60-70° C. (140° F.).

Drying:

Product temperature should be kept below 60-70° C. (158° F.).

Finished Product Specifications:

Moisture 7-8% (a_(w)=0.3); Density 25-35 Lbs/ft³

It is realized the variations in these and related factors could bereadily made within the concept taught herein.

What is claimed is:
 1. A pet food composition, consisting of a pluralityof probiotic-coated pellets that meet nutritional requirements of a pet,wherein the plurality of the probiotic-coated pellets consist ofingredients to meet the nutritional requirements for the pet, a starchsource, and a topical coating, wherein the topical coating consists of alive probiotic microorganism and soybean oil, wherein the starch sourcehas a degree of gelatinization less than about 7.5 Joules/g of starchfollowing extrusion, wherein the probiotic coated pellets are semi-moistpellets, and wherein the live probiotic microorganism is one or more ofthe genera: Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, Clostridium, Fusobacterium,Melissococcus, Propionibacterium, Streptococcus, Enterococcus,Lactococcus, Staphylococcus, Peptostrepococcus, Bacillus, Pediococcus,Micrococcus, Leuconostoc, Weissella, Aerococcus, Oenococcus, orLactobaccillus.
 2. A pet food composition, consisting of a plurality ofprobiotic-coated kibbles that meet nutritional requirements for a pet,each of the plurality of probiotic-coated kibbles consisting ofingredients to meet the nutritional requirements for a pet and a topicalcoating, wherein the topical coating consists of a starch source, a liveprobiotic microorganism, soybean oil, and fish oil, wherein the starchsource, the live probiotic microorganism, and the soybean oil arepresent in a mixture, wherein the starch source has a degree ofgelatinization less than about 7.5 Joules/g of starch followingextrusion, wherein the plurality of probiotic-coated kibbles aresemi-moist kibbles, and wherein the live probiotic microorganism is oneor more of the genera: Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, Clostridium,Fusobacterium, Melissococcus, Propionibacterium, Streptococcus,Enterococcus, Lactococcus, Staphylococcus, Peptostrepococcus, Bacillus,Pediococcus, Micrococcus, Leuconostoc, Weissella, Aerococcus,Oenococcus, or Lactobaccillus.
 3. A ready-to-eat pet food compositionconsisting of a plurality of kibble that meet nutritional requirementsfor a pet, wherein each of the plurality of kibble consists of:ingredients to meet the nutritional requirements for the pet; a starchsource, wherein the starch source has a degree of gelatinization lessthan about 7.5 Joules/g and wherein the starch source is cooked at atemperature below 60° C.; and a coating consisting of one or more liveprobiotic microorganisms and soybean oil, wherein the one or more liveprobiotic microorganism is one or more of the genera: Bifidobacterium,Bacteroides, Clostridium, Fusobacterium, Melissococcus,Propionibacterium, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Lactococcus,Staphylococcus, Peptostrepococcus, Bacillus, Pediococcus, Micrococcus,Leuconostoc, Weissella, Aerococcus, Oenococcus, or Lactobaccillus, andwherein the plurality of kibble are semi-moist kibbles.